Antitrust, multa di 98 milioni di euro ad Apple per abuso di posizione dominante

L’Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato ha irrogato alle società Apple Inc., Apple Distribution International Ltd e Apple Italia S.r.l. una sanzione di 98.635.416,67 euro per abuso di posizione dominante. Apple ha violato l’articolo 102 del TFUE per quanto riguarda il mercato della fornitura agli sviluppatori di piattaforme per la distribuzione online di app per utenti del sistema operativo iOS.  In tale mercato, Apple è in posizione di assoluta dominanza tramite il suo App Store.

Restrittività dell’App Tracking Transparency policy

Al termine di una complessa istruttoria, condotta anche in coordinamento con la Commissione europea, con altre Autorità nazionali della concorrenza e con il Garante per la Protezione dei Dati Personali, l’AGCM ha accertato la restrittività – sotto il profilo concorrenziale – dell’App Tracking Transparency policy, ossia delle regole sulla privacy imposte da Apple, a partire da aprile 2021, nell’ambito del proprio sistema operativo mobile iOS, agli sviluppatori terzi di app distribuite tramite l’App Store.

Richiesta di consenso duplicata

In particolare, gli sviluppatori terzi sono obbligati ad acquisire uno specifico consenso per la raccolta e il collegamento dei dati a fini pubblicitari tramite una schermata imposta da Apple, il c.d. ATT prompt che, tuttavia, non risulta sufficiente a soddisfare i requisiti previsti dalla normativa in materia di privacy, costringendo quindi gli sviluppatori a duplicare la richiesta di consenso per lo stesso fine.

Condizioni dell’ATT policy imposte unilateralmente

L’Antitrust ha accertato che le condizioni dell’ATT policy sono imposte unilateralmente, sono lesive degli interessi dei partner commerciali di Apple e non sono proporzionate per raggiungere l’obiettivo di privacy, così come asserito dalla società. Infatti, dal momento che i dati degli utenti sono un elemento fondamentale su cui si basa la capacità di fare pubblicità online personalizzata, l’inevitabile duplicazione delle richieste di consenso indotta dalle modalità di implementazione dell’ATT policy – che restringe le possibilità di raccolta, collegamento e utilizzo di tali dati – causa un pregiudizio all’attività degli sviluppatori, che basano il proprio modello di business sulla vendita di spazi pubblicitari, e anche a quella degli inserzionisti e delle piattaforme di intermediazione pubblicitaria.

Duplicazione di richieste sproporzionata

Questa duplicazione produce un’assenza di proporzionalità delle regole dell’ATT policy, considerato che Apple avrebbe dovuto garantire lo stesso livello di privacy degli utenti prevedendo la possibilità, per gli sviluppatori, di ottenere il consenso alla profilazione in un’unica soluzione.  

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https://www.key4biz.it/antitrust-multa-di-98-milioni-di-euro-ad-apple-per-abuso-di-posizione-dominante/560178/




Software leaks point to the first Apple Silicon “iMac Pro,” among other devices

Apple doesn’t like to talk about its upcoming products before it’s ready, but sometimes the company’s software does the talking for it. So far this week we’ve had a couple of software-related leaks that have outed products Apple is currently testing—one a pre-release build of iOS 26, and the other some leaked files from a kernel debug kit (both via MacRumors).

Most of the new devices referenced in these leaks are straightforward updates to products that already exist: a new Apple TV, a HomePod mini 2, new AirTags and AirPods, an M4 iPad Air, a 12th-generation iPad to replace the current A16 version, next-generation iPhones (including the 17e, 18, and the rumored foldable model), a new Studio Display model, some new smart home products we’ve already heard about elsewhere, and M5 updates for the MacBook Air, Mac mini, Mac Studio, and the other MacBook Pros. There’s also yet another reference to the lower-cost MacBook that Apple is apparently planning to replace the M1 MacBook Air it still sells via Walmart for $599.

For power users, though, the most interesting revelation might be that Apple is working on a higher-end Apple Silicon iMac powered by an M5 Max chip. The kernel debug kit references an iMac with the internal identifier J833c, based on a platform identified as H17C—and H17C is apparently based on the M5 Max, rather than a lower-end M5 chip. (For those who don’t have Apple’s branding memorized, “Max” is associated with Apple’s second-fastest chips; the M5 Max would be faster than the M5 or M5 Pro, but slower than the rumored M5 Ultra.)

This device could be the long-awaited, occasionally-rumored-but-never-launched replacement to Apple’s 27-inch iMac, which was discontinued in 2022 with no direct replacement. An M5 Max chip would also make this machine the closest thing we’ve seen to a direct replacement for the iMac Pro, a 27-inch iMac variant that was launched in late 2017 but likewise discontinued without an update or replacement.

The current M4 Max chip includes 14 or 16 CPU cores, 32 or 40 GPU cores, and between 36GB and 128GB of unified memory, specs we’d expect an M5 Max to match or beat. And because the Max chips already fit into the 14- and 16-inch MacBook Pros, it should be no problem to fit one into an all-in-one desktop PC.

https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2025/12/leaked-debug-kit-suggests-apple-is-testing-a-new-imac-pro-among-many-other-macs/




UK to “encourage” Apple and Google to put nudity-blocking systems on phones

The push for device-level blocking comes after the UK implemented the Online Safety Act, a law requiring porn platforms and social media firms to verify users’ ages before letting them view adult content. The law can’t fully prevent minors from viewing porn, as many people use VPN services to get around the UK age checks. Government officials may view device-level detection of nudity as a solution to that problem, but such systems would raise concerns about user rights and the accuracy of the nudity detection.

Age-verification battles in multiple countries

Apple and Google both provide optional tools that let parents control what content their children can access. The companies could object to mandates on privacy grounds, as they have in other venues.

When Texas enacted an age-verification law for app stores, Apple and Google said they would comply but warned of risks to user privacy. A lobby group that represents Apple, Google, and other tech firms then sued Texas in an attempt to prevent the law from taking effect, saying it “imposes a broad censorship regime on the entire universe of mobile apps.”

There’s another age-verification battle in Australia, where the government decided to ban social media for users under 16. Companies said they would comply, although Reddit sued Australia on Friday in a bid to overturn the law.

Apple this year also fought a UK demand that it create a backdoor for government security officials to access encrypted data. The Trump administration claimed it convinced the UK to drop its demand, but the UK is reportedly still seeking an Apple backdoor.

In another case, the image-sharing website Imgur blocked access for UK users starting in September while facing an investigation over its age-verification practices.

Apple faced a backlash in 2021 over potential privacy violations when it announced a plan to have iPhones scan photos for child sexual abuse material (CSAM). Apple ultimately dropped the plan.

https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2025/12/uk-to-encourage-apple-and-google-to-put-nudity-blocking-systems-on-phones/




Apple loses its appeal of a scathing contempt ruling in iOS payments case

Back in April, District Court Judge Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers delivered a scathing judgment finding that Apple was in “willful violation” of her 2021 injunction intended to open up iOS App Store payments. That contempt of court finding has now been almost entirely upheld by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, a development that Epic Games’ Tim Sweeney tells Ars he hopes will “do a lot of good for developers and start to really change the App Store situation worldwide, I think.”

The ruling, signed by a panel of three appellate court judges, affirmed that Apple’s initial attempts to charge a 27 percent fee to iOS developers using outside payment options “had a prohibitive effect, in violation of the injunction.” Similarly, Apple’s restrictions on how those outside links had to be designed were overly broad; the appeals court suggests that Apple can only ensure that internal and external payment options are presented in a similar fashion.

The appeals court also agreed that Apple acted in “bad faith” by refusing to comply with the injunction, rejecting viable, compliant alternatives in internal discussions. And the appeals court was also not convinced by Apple’s process-focused arguments, saying the district court properly evaluated materials Apple argued were protected by attorney-client privilege.

While the district court barred Apple from charging any fees for payments made outside of its App Store, the appeals court now suggests that Apple should still be able to charge a “reasonable fee” based on its “actual costs to ensure user security and privacy.” It will be up to Apple and the district court to determine what that kind of “reasonable fee” should look like going forward.

Speaking to reporters Thursday night, though, Epic founder and CEO Tim Sweeney said he believes those should be “super super minor fees,” on the order of “tens or hundreds of dollars” every time an iOS app update goes through Apple for review. That should be more than enough to compensate the employees reviewing the apps to make sure outside payment links are not scams and lead to a system of “normal fees for normal businesses that sell normal things to normal customers,” Sweeney said.

https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2025/12/epic-celebrates-the-end-of-the-apple-tax-after-appeals-court-win-in-ios-payments-case/




Gli smartphone (e Apple) tornano a crescere

Rubrica settimanale SosTech, frutto della collaborazione tra Key4biz e SosTariffe. Per consultare gli articoli precedenti, clicca qui..

Il quadro del mercato smartphone nel 2025 mostra, a quanto sembra dai dati, un settore che ha ritrovato continuità. La domanda procede con un passo più sicuro rispetto al recente passato e le stime per l’anno, secondo i rilevamenti dell’ultimo report di Counterpoint Research, dimostrano un incremento moderato ma costante delle spedizioni globali. In questo contesto di normalizzazione emerge un cambiamento di quelli che fanno sensazione, perché Apple si avvia a chiudere l’anno in posizione di leadership.

È la prima volta dopo un lungo periodo in cui Samsung sembrava impossibile da detronizzare; la crescita registrata dai modelli lanciati nell’autunno 2025, in particolare dalla nuova serie iPhone 17, ha rappresentato una leva decisiva. Le rilevazioni delle settimane successive al debutto confermano un interesse solido nei principali mercati: gli Stati Uniti mostrano un’accelerazione più marcata rispetto alle generazioni recenti, mentre in Cina e Giappone la curva delle vendite rimane ben orientata.

Il risultato si lega a vari fattor. Il ciclo di aggiornamento degli utenti ha ripreso slancio dopo il rallentamento fisiologico degli ultimi due anni, le nuove configurazioni di memoria e la rimodulazione dei prezzi hanno trovato un loro equilibrio, il lavoro sulla distribuzione ha ridotto alcuni margini di incertezza che avevano frenato la domanda in cicli precedenti. L’introduzione dell’iPhone Air, con un profilo intermedio che amplia l’offerta senza creare sovrapposizioni, ha dato un contributo misurabile, soprattutto nei paesi in cui il pubblico si orienta verso modelli che privilegiano rapporto tra prestazioni e costo.

Nel frattempo il clima industriale offre una cornice relativamente stabile. Le tensioni commerciali che avevano inciso sulla logistica nel biennio precedente si sono attenuate e la filiera risponde con maggiore regolarità alle esigenze di approvvigionamento. Questi elementi, combinati con una domanda più matura e una presenza più solida nei mercati emergenti, costruiscono per Apple un percorso di crescita, e il sorpasso previsto per la fine di 2025 riflette un insieme organico di condizioni favorevoli, ideali da abbinare a uno dei piani mobili che si possono comparare su SOSTariffe.it.

Pieghevoli e anniversari in vista

L’evoluzione della gamma iPhone nel biennio 2025-2026 introduce un’impostazione diversa rispetto ai cicli precedenti. La serie 17 ha inaugurato un’organizzazione più flessibile dell’offerta; il modello Air, inserito in posizione mediana, ha ridotto il divario percepito tra le varianti base e le versioni Pro, fornendo un punto d’ingresso pensato per chi vuole prestazioni solide senza il carico di funzioni specialistiche. La struttura crea spazio per un ampliamento della linea nei mesi successivi. Il 2026 vedrà l’arrivo dell’iPhone 17e, seconda incarnazione della serie “e”, destinata a rafforzare la presenza di Apple nel segmento che tende a crescere più velocemente nei mercati emergenti. Il progetto risponde a un’esigenza precisa, quella di intercettare utenti che aspirano al passaggio all’ecosistema Apple grazie a un investimento più contenuto, pur mantenendo aggiornamenti regolari e un supporto software lungo.

A questa espansione si aggiunge un percorso tecnologico che Apple prepara da tempo e che troverà un punto di svolta con il primo iPhone pieghevole, indicato per la seconda metà del 2026. Lo sviluppo della categoria è stato prudente; la scelta di entrare più tardi rispetto alla concorrenza nasce da valutazioni sulla durabilità delle cerniere, sulla qualità degli schermi flessibili e sull’integrazione tra hardware e software.

Il risultato atteso è un dispositivo orientato alla fascia alta, con un ruolo complementare rispetto alla serie tradizionale. Parallelamente, l’arrivo previsto del primo modello “flip” entro il 2027 completerà la presenza di Apple nell’unico segmento premium che mostra una crescita strutturale.

Nel 2027 cadrà anche il ventesimo anniversario dell’iPhone, occasione che Apple intende utilizzare per rinnovare l’aspetto del dispositivo. Le informazioni disponibili al momento indicano un ridisegno più profondo rispetto agli ultimi cicli, sia nelle linee esterne sia nell’organizzazione interna dei componenti.

Cosa succede in Corea

In questo 2025 Samsung sta affrontando una fase di transizione che unisce risultati solidi e qualche limite strutturale. L’azienda mantiene una posizione forte in molti mercati, sostenuta da una filiera produttiva che reagisce con prontezza alle variazioni dei costi e alle oscillazioni della domanda. La nuova impostazione della serie A, più curata nella definizione delle specifiche e più aggressiva nel rapporto tra prezzo e prestazioni, sta ottenendo una buona risposta in regioni come India, Sud-Est asiatico e Medio Oriente; queste aree mostrano un dinamismo superiore alla media globale e rappresentano una componente stabile della crescita di Samsung. Anche i mercati maturi restano rilevanti, grazie alla fidelizzazione accumulata negli anni e alla continua richiesta di dispositivi premium, soprattutto tra gli utenti che apprezzano i foldable e i modelli della serie S.

Tuttavia, il passo tenuto da Apple nel 2025 crea uno scarto difficile da colmare; i dati sulle spedizioni mostrano una differenza che non dipende da un singolo fattore, ma da una combinazione di scelte commerciali, tempi di rinnovo e variazioni nel comportamento dei consumatori. Samsung conserva un margine competitivo nei segmenti medio-alti e nei dispositivi pieghevoli, dove ha investito con continuità e dove può contare su una riconoscibilità che altri produttori non hanno ancora consolidato; resta però esposta alla pressione crescente dei marchi cinesi nelle fasce di prezzo inferiori, settore che richiede cicli di aggiornamento più rapidi e una flessibilità nella supply chain che non sempre si concilia con la complessità industriale di un gruppo globale come Samsung.

Il 2026 porterà nuovi problemi da risolvere, legati al costo dei componenti, in particolare della memoria. L’aumento previsto influenzerà soprattutto i dispositivi destinati al pubblico più sensibile al prezzo; Samsung di certo dispone degli strumenti per gestire questa fase, ma dovrà bilanciare con attenzione margini, volumi e posizionamento per evitare un rallentamento ulteriore.

La situazione dei competitor

I principali produttori cinesi si trovano in una situazione complessa che alterna prospettive di crescita e spinte in direzione opposta. Xiaomi, vivo, OPPO e Transsion hanno consolidato una presenza di tutto rispetto in numerosi mercati extra-cinesi; l’espansione in India, Sud-Est asiatico, Africa e America Latina ha garantito una base di utenti piuttosto ampia e diversificata. In queste regioni, la combinazione di prezzi contenuti e dotazioni tecniche generose continua a rappresentare un vantaggio competitivo; l’offerta dei produttori cinesi appare spesso meglio calibrata rispetto ai bisogni dei consumatori locali, che favoriscono dispositivi equilibrati e aggiornati con regolarità.

La situazione interna, però, presenta diversi ostacoli. La domanda in Cina procede con lentezza e risponde in modo irregolare alle nuove uscite; inoltre, le tensioni nella supply chain incidono sui costi dei componenti, soprattutto nel comparto della memoria LPDDR4. L’aumento dei prezzi crea pressioni dirette sul segmento di fascia bassa, settore in cui questi marchi costruiscono una parte essenziale dei propri volumi. Così, le previsioni per il 2026 indicano una crescita limitata, stimata intorno all’1,7% per i quattro principali OEM cinesi.

Per rispondere a questa fase, le aziende stanno spostando l’attenzione verso modelli di fascia media e superiore; investono in funzioni avanzate di fotografia computazionale, in piattaforme AI dedicate e in pieghevoli dal prezzo più accessibile. L’obiettivo è costruire un’identità più solida e ridurre la dipendenza dai volumi, puntando su una marginalità meno vulnerabile alle oscillazioni dei costi.

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https://www.key4biz.it/gli-smartphone-e-apple-tornano-a-crescere/557546/




Vision Pro M5 review: It’s time for Apple to make some tough choices

I still think there’s significant room to grow, but the content situation is better than ever. It’s not enough to keep you entertained for hours a day, but it’s enough to make putting on the headset for a bit once a week or so worth it. That wasn’t there a year ago.

The software support situation is in a similar state.

App support is mostly frozen in the year 2024

Many of us have a suite of go-to apps that are foundational to our individual approaches to daily productivity. For me, primarily a macOS user, they are:

  • Firefox
  • Spark
  • Todoist
  • Obsidian
  • Raycast
  • Slack
  • Visual Studio Code
  • Claude
  • 1Password

As you can see, I don’t use most of Apple’s built-in apps—no Safari, no Mail, no Reminders, no Passwords, no Notes… no Spotlight, even. All that may be atypical, but it has never been a problem on macOS, nor has it been on iOS for a few years now.

Impressively, almost all of these are available on visionOS—but only because it can run iPad apps as flat, virtual windows. Firefox, Spark, Todoist, Obsidian, Slack, 1Password, and even Raycast are all available as supported iPad apps, but surprisingly, Claude isn’t, even though there is a Claude app for iPads. (ChatGPT’s iPad app works, though.) VS Code isn’t available, of course, but I wasn’t expecting it to be.

Not a single one of these applications has a true visionOS app. That’s too bad, because I can think of lots of neat things spatial computing versions could do. Imagine browsing your Obsidian graph in augmented reality! Alas, I can only dream.

You can tell the native apps from the iPad ones: The iPad ones have rectangular icons nested within circles, whereas the native apps fill the whole circle. Credit: Samuel Axon

If you’re not such a huge productivity software geek like me and you use Apple’s built-in apps, things look a little better, but surprisingly, there are still a few apps that you would imagine would have really cool spatial computing features—like Apple Maps—that don’t. Maps, too, is just an iPad app.

https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2025/11/where-apples-vision-pro-stands-today-post-m5-refresh/




The EU made Apple adopt new Wi-Fi standards, and now Android can support AirDrop

Last year, Apple finally added support for Rich Communications Services (RCS) texting to its platforms, improving consistency, reliability, and security when exchanging green-bubble texts between the competing iPhone and Android ecosystems. Today, Google is announcing another small step forward in interoperability, pointing to a slightly less annoying future for friend groups or households where not everyone owns an iPhone.

Google has updated Android’s Quick Share feature to support Apple’s AirDrop, which allows users of Apple devices to share files directly using a local peer-to-peer Wi-Fi connection. Apple devices with AirDrop enabled and set to “everyone for 10 minutes” mode will show up in the Quick Share device list just like another Android phone would, and Android devices that support this new Quick Share version will also show up in the AirDrop menu.

Google will only support this feature on the Pixel 10 series, at least to start. The company is “looking forward to improving the experience and expanding it to more Android devices,” but it didn’t announce anything about a timeline or any hardware or software requirements. Quick Share also won’t work with AirDrop devices working in the default “contacts only” mode, though Google “[welcomes] the opportunity to work with Apple to enable ‘Contacts Only’ mode in the future.” (Reading between the lines: Google and Apple are not currently working together to enable this, and Google confirmed to The Verge that Apple hadn’t been involved in this at all.)

Like AirDrop, Google notes that files shared via Quick Share are transferred directly between devices, without being sent to either company’s servers first.

Google shared a little more information in a separate post about Quick Share’s security, crediting Android’s use of the memory-safe Rust programming language with making secure file sharing between platforms possible.

“Its compiler enforces strict ownership and borrowing rules at compile time, which guarantees memory safety,” writes Google VP of Platforms Security and Privacy Dave Kleidermacher. “Rust removes entire classes of memory-related bugs. This means our implementation is inherently resilient against attackers attempting to use maliciously crafted data packets to exploit memory errors.”

https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2025/11/the-eu-made-apple-adopt-new-wi-fi-standards-and-now-android-can-support-airdrop/




Report claims that Apple has yet again put the Mac Pro “on the back burner”

Do we still need a Mac Pro, though?

Regardless of what Apple does with the Mac Pro, the desktop makes less sense than ever in the Apple Silicon era. Part of the appeal of the early 2010s and the 2019 Mac Pro towers was their internal expandability, particularly with respect to storage, graphics cards, and RAM. But while the Apple Silicon Mac Pro does include six internal PCI Express slots, it supports neither RAM upgrades nor third-party GPUs from Nvidia, AMD, or Intel. Thunderbolt 5’s 120 Gbps transfer speeds are also more than fast enough to support high-speed external storage devices.

That leaves even the most powerful of power users with few practical reasons to prefer a $7,000 Mac Pro tower to a $4,000 Mac Studio. And that would be true even if both desktops used the same chip—currently, the M3 Ultra Studio comes with more and newer CPU cores, newer GPU cores, and 32GB more RAM for that price, making the comparison even more lopsided.

Mac Pro aside, the Mac should have a pretty active 2026. Every laptop other than the entry-level 14-inch MacBook Pro should get an Apple M5 upgrade, with Pro and Max chips coming for the higher-end Pros. Those chips, plus the M5 Ultra, would give Apple all the ingredients it would need to refresh the iMac, Mac mini, and Mac Studio lineups as well.

Insistent rumors also indicate that Apple will be introducing a new, lower-cost MacBook model with an iPhone-class chip inside, a device that seems made to replace the 2020 M1 MacBook Air that Apple has continued to sell via Walmart for between $600 and $650. It remains to be seen whether this new MacBook would remain a Walmart exclusive or if Apple also plans to offer the laptop through other retailers and its own store.

https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2025/11/report-claims-that-apple-has-yet-again-put-the-mac-pro-on-the-back-burner/




After years of saying no, Tesla reportedly adding Apple CarPlay to its cars

Apple CarPlay, the interface that lets you cast your phone to your car’s infotainment screen, may finally be coming to Tesla’s electric vehicles. CarPlay is nearly a decade old at this point, and it has become so popular that almost half of car buyers have said they won’t consider a car without the feature, and the overwhelming majority of automakers have included CarPlay in their vehicles.

Until now, that hasn’t included Tesla. CEO Elon Musk doesn’t appear to have opined on the omission, though he has frequently criticized Apple. In the past, Musk has said the goal of Tesla infotainment is to be “the most amount of fun you can have in a car.” Tesla has regularly added puerile features like fart noises to the system, and it has also integrated video games that drivers can play while they charge.

For customers who want to stream music, Tesla has instead offered Spotify, Tidal, and even Apple Music apps.

But Tesla is no longer riding high—its sales are crashing, and its market share is shrinking around the world as car buyers tire of a stale and outdated lineup of essentially two models at a time when competition has never been higher from legacy and startup automakers.

According to Bloomberg, which cites “people with knowledge of the matter,” the feature could be added within months if it isn’t cancelled internally.

Tesla is not the only automaker to reject Apple CarPlay. The startup Lucid took some time to add the feature to its high-end EVs, and Rivian still refuses to consider including the system, claiming that a third-party system would degrade the user experience. And of course, General Motors famously removed CarPlay from its new EVs, and it may do the same to its other vehicles in the future.

https://arstechnica.com/cars/2025/11/after-years-of-saying-no-tesla-reportedly-adding-apple-carplay-to-its-cars/




The Mac calculator’s original design came from letting Steve Jobs play with menus for ten minutes

Rather than continue the endless revision cycle, Espinosa took a different approach. According to Hertzfeld, Espinosa created a program that exposed every visual parameter of the calculator through pull-down menus: line thickness, button sizes, background patterns, and more. When Jobs sat down with it, he spent about ten minutes adjusting settings until he found a combination he liked.

The approach worked. When given direct control over the parameters rather than having to articulate his preferences verbally, Jobs quickly arrived at a design he was satisfied with. Hertzfeld notes that he implemented the calculator’s UI a few months later using Jobs’s parameter choices from that ten-minute session, while Donn Denman, another member of the Macintosh team, handled the mathematical functions.

That ten-minute session produced the calculator design that shipped with the Mac in 1984 and remained virtually unchanged through Mac OS 9, when Apple discontinued that OS in 2001. Apple replaced it in Mac OS X with a new design, ending the calculator’s 17-year run as the primary calculator interface for the Mac.

Why it worked

Espinosa’s Construction Set was an early example of what would later become common in software development: visual and parameterized design tools. In 1982, when most computers displayed monochrome text, the idea of letting someone fine-tune visual parameters through interactive controls without programming was fairly forward-thinking. Later, tools like HyperCard would formalize this kind of idea into a complete visual application framework.

The primitive calculator design tool also revealed something about Jobs’s management process. He knew what he wanted when he saw it, but he perhaps struggled to articulate it at times. By giving him direct manipulation ability, Espinosa did an end-run around that communication problem entirely. Later on, when he returned to Apple in the late 1990s, Jobs would famously insist on judging products by using them directly rather than through canned PowerPoint demos or lists of specifications.

The longevity of Jobs’s ten-minute design session suggests the approach worked. The calculator survived nearly two decades of Mac OS updates, outlasting many more elaborate interface elements. What started as a workaround became one of the Mac’s most simple but enduring designs.

By the way, if you want to try the original Mac OS calculator yourself, you can run various antique versions of the operating system in your browser thanks to the Infinite Mac website.

https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2025/11/the-mac-calculators-original-design-came-from-letting-steve-jobs-play-with-sliders-for-ten-minutes/