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About five seconds before liftoff, fire consumes the Delta IV Heavy rocket cores.United Launch Alliance
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This process results from the design of the liquid hydrogen-liquid oxygen RS-68 engines.United Launch Alliance
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Initially, only hydrogen flows through the engine.United Launch Alliance
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This hydrogen rises alongside the rocket.United Launch Alliance
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When the oxidizer is injected into the engine…United Launch Alliance
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…this fireball ignites.United Launch Alliance
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It creates a charred rocket.United Launch Alliance
Anyone who watched the launch of United Launch Alliance’s Delta IV Heavy rocket on Saturday was treated to an up-close view of the liftoff. This vantage point, showing the three-core rocket taking off beneath blue skies, offered a distinct view of a fireball engulfing the rocket during launch.
This can be rather distracting if you’ve never seen it before—uhh, is that rocket about to blow up?—but in reality it’s a byproduct of the RS-68 rocket engines that power each of the three cores of the Delta IV Heavy launch vehicle.
Developed during the 1990s by Rocketdyne, the expendable RS-68 engine was designed to be less expensive and more powerful than the Space Shuttle’s reusable RS-25 main engines. Like the Shuttle’s engines, the RS-68 engine runs on a cryogenic fuel mix of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.
The fireball phenomenon manifests on the Delta IV Heavy rocket because of design differences between the RS-68 and the Shuttle main engines and because the RS-68 fuel valve is open longer before the oxidizer starts flowing. Essentially, at engine startup, only liquid hydrogen is running through the engine because it is less chemically active than oxygen.
This hydrogen flows out of the engine, and because hydrogen is very light compared to ambient air, it rises up the outside of the rocket. When the liquid oxygen flow begins, the hydrogen is ignited into a fireball. This occurs within the last five seconds of the countdown, creating the arresting images of a fireball charring the orange foam exterior of the Delta IV Heavy rocket.
This design trade was intentional, and the exterior of the rocket is configured to withstand the fireball. (Scott Manley has an excellent video on the subject that provides additional insight.)
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This is what the rocket looked like Saturday after the fireball.United Launch Alliance
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Three crispy cores, all rising together.United Launch Alliance
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The clear day at Vandenberg Air Force Base made for some lovely photos.United Launch Alliance
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And here are the three RS-68 engines firing in concert.United Launch Alliance
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Another view of liftoff.United Launch Alliance
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The Delta IV Heavy is the world’s second-most powerful rocket (at least, out of those that are currently flying).United Launch Alliance
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Out of all launch vehicles currently in service, only SpaceX’s Falcon Heavy rocket is more powerful.United Launch Alliance
As for Saturday’s launch, it went off well, with the Delta IV Heavy rocket boosting the classified NROL-71 payload into orbit for the National Reconnaissance Office. The company’s next launch is the WGS-10 mission, which will fly a geostationary communications satellite for the US Air Force on a Delta IV rocket. Presently, the launch is scheduled for March 13 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.
Listing image by United Launch Alliance
https://arstechnica.com/?p=1444037